EMC LaboratoryPurpose of Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility) tests are the experiments that are performed for electrically driven devices to prevent them from creating any electromagnetic noise that may damage working continuity of the other systems in the same environment (Emission Tests) and to ensure working continuity as intended when exposed to electromagnetic noise in the same environment (Immunity Tests).
EMC Tests
In EMC Laboratory, 10 different experiments can be carried out within the Emission tests and Immunity Tests title.EMC Emission TestsRadiated Emission test is performed during operating of device to determine electromagnetic pollution level of device emitted to the environment via radio frequency.Conducted Emission test is performed to identify the emission level of electromagnetic pollution emitted by devices via conducted way to the networks that they are connected to, like telecommunication network or power network.Harmonic Current Emission test is performed to measure current up to 40.harmonic emitted by device at 50 Hz frequency on power lines where it is being fed.Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker test is performed with the aim of measurement of flickers and voltage fluctuations caused by device on the powerlines where it is being fed.EMC Immunity TestsRadiated Immunity tests are performed to identify performance disturbance of device during it’s operation under exposure of any radio wave in environment.Conducted Immunity test is performed to identify performance disturbance that may be occured on device during it’s operation at the situation of electromagnetic energy coupling to its cable.Surge test is performed to identify performance disturbance that may be occurred on device under the situation of temporary voltage surge made by switching and lighthing strike.Electrical Fast Transients and Burst test is performed to identify performance disturbance that may be occurred on device under the situation of changes repeated in a short time which is occurred because of breakdown or switching on device’s electricity network.Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions and Voltage Variations test is performed to identify performance disturbance that may be occurred on device during operation under the situation of decreasing, short interruptions and / or fluctuation of the mains voltage.Electrostatic Discharge test is performed to identify performance disturbance that may be occurred on device under the situation of static electricity discharging occurred on it via direct way and or via contacting way of objects that close to it
Scope of Equipment Types and Test Standarts in EMC Laboratory
Equipment Type / Test Mode
Test Name
Test Method (National, International standards)
GSM Mobile Equipment
Radiated Emission Test
TS EN 55032
Conducted Emission Test
TS EN 55032
ETSI EN 301 489-1
Radiated ImmunityTest
TS EN 61000-4-3
ETSI EN 301 489-7
Conducted ImmunityTest
TS EN 61000-4-6
Harmonic Current Test
TS EN 61000-3-2
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker Test
TS EN 61000-3-3
Surge Test
TS EN 61000-4-5
Equipment Type / Test Mode
Test Name
Test Method (National, International standards)
PSTN Phone Equipment
Radiated Emission Test
TS EN 55032
Conducted Emission Test
TS EN 55032
Radiated ImmunityTest
TS EN 61000-4-3
Conducted ImmunityTest
TS EN 61000-4-6
Surge Test
TS EN 61000-4-5
Electrical Fast Transients and Burst Test
TS EN 61000-4-4
Electrostatic Discharge Test
TS EN 61000-4-2
Equipment Type / Test Mode
Test Name
Test Method (National, International Standards)
DECT Phone Equipment
Radiated Emission Test
TS EN 55032
Conducted Emission Test
TS EN 55032
ETSI EN 301 489-1
Radiated ImmunityTest
TS EN 61000-4-3
ETSI EN 301 489-6
Conducted ImmunityTest
TS EN 61000-4-6
Harmonic Current Test
TS EN 61000-3-2
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker Test
TS EN 61000-3-3
Surge Test
TS EN 61000-4-5
Equipment Type / Test Mode
Test Name
Test Method (National, International Standards)
PMR 446 Radio Equipment
Radiated Emission Test
TS EN 55032
Conducted Emission Test
TS EN 55032
ETSI EN 301 489-1
Radiated ImmunityTest
TS EN 61000-4-3
ETSI EN 301 489-5
İletimle Bağışıklık Deneyi
TS EN 61000-4-6
Harmonic Current Test
TS EN 61000-3-2
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker Test
TS EN 61000-3-3
Surge Test
TS EN 61000-4-5
Infrastructure of EMC Laboratory
There are 4 test rooms, 2 control rooms and an amplifier room in EMC LaboratorySemi Anechoic Chamber (SAC)Radiated Emission test within the scope of EMC tests is performed in Semi Anechoic Chamber test room. Test room is insulated against external electromagnetic signals and everwhere is fully covered with absorbers except floor. Test room has measurement capability between 30 MHz- 18 GHz and its dimension are 23 m x 16,5 m x 9 m. Maximum test distance is 10 meter and temperature/humidity values of room can be controlled. There are antenna tower and turntable in the room. Antenna tower is able to move between 1-4 meter height. Turntable whichs radius is 6 meter has 5 ton/ m² lifting capacity with 360 degree turning capability.Fully Anechoic Chamber (FAC)Radiated Immunity test within the scope of EMC tests is performed in Fully Anechoic Chamber test room. Test room is insulated against external electromagnetic signals and fully covered with absorbers. It has measurement capability up to 18 GHz. Currently, tests have been performed between 80 MHz - 2,5 GHz frequency band. Room’s dimensions are 11 m x 8 m x 7,5 m and maximum test distance is 3 meter. Temperature/humidity values of room can be continuously kept under control. There are antenna tower and turntable in the room. Antenna tower can be controlled by computer. Turntable which’s radius is 1,5 meter has 360 degree turning capability.Shielded Cabin (S1)Conducted Immunity and Conducted Emission tests within the scope of EMC tests are performed in S1-Insulated test room. .Test room which was designed for EMC measurement is insulated against external electromagnetic signal and it’s dimensions are 6m x 4m x 3mShielded Cabin (S2)Harmonic Current, Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker, Surge, Electrical Fast Transients and Burst, Voltage Dips, Electrostatic Discharge, Short Interruptions and Voltage Variations tests within the scope of EMC tests are performed in S2-Insulated test room. .Test room is insulated against external electromagnetic signal and it’s dimensions are 6m x 4m x 3m.
RF LaboratoryThe Aim of RF Tests
Radio Frequency (RF) tests are performed to determine nominal frequency, output power, spurious emissions and interferences in normal use of equipments that works with radio waves.
RF Tests
Output Power Test is performed equipments work wireless in radio frequency spectrum to determine equipment works or not with output power manufacturer declared or specified in product standard.RF Spurious Emissions Test is performed equipments work wireless in dedicated bands of radio frequency spectrum to determine any spurious emissions exist in this frequency band or out of frequency band.Frequency Error Test is performed equipments work wireless in dedicated bands of radio frequency spectrum to determine the equipment works or not within limit values specified in product. standards.
Test Applicable Equipment Types in RF Laboratory and Test Standards
Equipment Type
Test Name
Test Method (National, Standards)
GSM Mobile Phone
Radiated RF Spurious Emissions
TS EN 301 511
RF Output Power
DECT Phone
Radiated RF Spurious Emissions
EN 301 406
RF Output Power
PMR 446 Radio
Radiated RF Spurious Emissions
EN 300 296
RF Output Power
Frequency Error
RF Laboratory Infrastructure
RF tests are performed in Semi Anechoic Test Chamber (SAC).The test chamber is isolated against external electromagnetic signals and all indoor surfaces except floor covered by absorbing materials (absorbers). To perform RF test in this chamber, the floor is covered by appropriate frequency absorbers to make it Full Anechoic Chamber (FAC). Test chamber has also measurement capability on 30 MHz - 18 GHz frequency band, the size of chamber is 23 m x 16,5 m x 9 m and maximum test distance is 10 m. Temperature and humidity values of chamber can be controlled. Test chamber has computer controlled 1-4 m height moving antenna tower and turn tablet that can carry 5 ton/m² loads, turn 360º and is 6 m diameter.
LVD LaboratoryThe Purpose of the LVD Safety Tests
What is LVD?European Union’s (EU) “Directive on the harmonisation of laws in EU Member States related to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits” is called as “Low Voltage Directive “ and briefly is used as LVD (Low Voltage Directive). The final version of Directive has been released on 29 March 2014 as 2014/35/EU and LVD Directive have 2006/95/EC and 73/23/EEC versions.2014/35/EU version is a directive that has been revised with 2006/95/EC and 73/23/EEC directives and their additions. 2014/35/EU directive will enter into force on 20 April 2016. Until this date, with the revocation of 73/23/EEC directive, the implementation of 2006/95/EC directive that was enter into force on 16 January 2007 will be mandatory.The purpose of the directive is to be harmonised with the laws of EU member states related to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage. In other words, ensure that electrical equipments are produced safely as not to create hazard for users.The essential requirements related safety for electrical equipment within the scope of the directive is given in Annex 2 under the following headings:• General Conditions• Protection against hazards arising from the electrical equipment,• Protection against hazards which may be caused by external influences on the electrical equipment.The Scope of the LVDThe directiveis applying all electrical equipment that is designed for use with, between 50VAC - 1000VAC operating voltages for alternative current and between 75VDC - 1500VDC operating voltages for direct current.This operating voltages corresponds to the input or output voltages electrically. The voltages that can occur within the equipment is not intended for.Battery powered equipment except for this operating voltages are absolutely not included in the scope of the directive. However, the supplied battery charger with integrated power supply equipment within the voltage ranges of the directive, is included in the scope of the directive.Products Outside the Scope of LVD DirectiveThe following equipment is not include in the scope of the directive LVD;• Electrical equipment for use in an explosive atmosphere,• Electrical equipment for radiology and medical purposes,• Electrical parts for passenger lifts,• Electricity meters,• Plugs and sockets,• Electric fence controllers,• Radio-electrical interference,• Electrical equipment for use on ships, aircraft or railways.The harmonised “EN60950-1 information technology equipment - Safety Part 1: General Rules” standard is used for the safety tests that are applied to the electrically powered devices within the scope of the directive and the tests in this standard are called as LVD Safety Tests.The Purpose of the LVD Safety TestsREDUCING RISK OF INJURY AND DAMAGE for the safety of user, because of;• Mechanical,• Heat Related,• Electrical,• EnviromentalHazards causing from electrical equipments during and after installation of the device.The Scope of EN 60950-1 Safety StandardThis Standard applies to mains-powered or battery-powered information technology equipment that includes electrical commercialequipment and associated equipment, with a rated voltage not exceeding 600 V. This standard covers safety requirements intended to reduce risks of fire, electric shock or injury for the operator and layman who may come into contact with the equipment and where specifically stated for a service staff. The tests performed in the scope of this standard are absolutely performed to determine whether it is safe for the user.
LVD Safety Tests
• Power Interface / Input CurrentCompliance with the device’s measured input current values are tested according to the current values that are declared by the manufacturer.• Marking and Instructions / DurabilityThe informations are required to be declared by the manufacturer on the device (manufacturer, brand, model, declares voltage/range, input and output currents, CE mark, Class-II device label), are checked by inspection and tested the durability of the label.• Protection from Electric Shock and Energy HazardsThe parts (conductive parts) contains the electrical shock hazard of the device are checked whether it is designed to include adequate protection against the user access area.• Telcommonication Network Voltage (TNV) CircuitsCompliance with requirements relating to the separation from the hazardous voltages and the connection to other circuits of TNV circuit are checked.• Provisions for earthing and bondingIt is checked that whether protective conductors and protective earthing conductors have sufficient current-carrying capacity and they comply with appropriate sizes.• Wiring and ConnectionsWhether cables have proper insulation and proper cable routing and durability of connections are checked.• Connection to a mains supplyThe safe and reliable connectivity of device to alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) mains supply is checked.• Disconnection to a mains supplyThe conformity of the obligatory disconnection equipments are checked for disconnect the device from mains supply.• StabilityIt is checked that whether device is physically stable with not creating any hazard while using service staff and user.• Mechanical Strenght / Steady Force ExperimentWhether the device has sufficient mechanical strength and robustness required in case of using as the standard are checked.• Design and ConstructionsWhether device is designed and manufactured as not create any damage to users as mechanical, thermal and electrical is checked.• Protections Against Hazardous Moving PartsThe dangerous moving parts of the device that provides sufficient protection against the risk of injury for users is checked.• Thermal RequirementsThe contactable parts of the device that not to exceed the certain temperature values will cause damage to users are checked.• Openings in EnclosuresThe gaps in the top and sides of the enclosures, shall be so located or constructed that it is unlikely that objects will enter the gaps and create hazards by contacting bare conductive parts are checked.• Touch Current and Protective Conductor CurrentWhether the touch current and protective conductor current of the equipment are designed and manufactured that is unlikely to create an electric shock hazard are checked.• Electrical StrenghtThe solid insulation used in the device, protection against overvoltage that may come from the normal network or telecommunications network for users is checked.
Test Applicable Device Types and Test Standards in LVD Lab.
DEVICES TYPES
APPLIED TESTS
STANDARDS
Information Technology (IT) Devices:
Safety Tests:
Access Point
Power interface
EN60950-1/A2:2014 (Annex-CC ve Annex-ZX Excluding)
ADSL Modem
Input current
DECT Phone
Marking and instructions
DSL Modem Router (Wired/Wireless)
Durability
IP Based Phones
Protection from electric shock and energy hazards
Handheld Radio
Discharge time
Mobile Phone
TNV circuits
Private Mobile Radio (PMR)
Electrical insulation
PSTN Phone
Clearances, creepage distances and distances through insulation
Earthing and connection protection
Wiring, connections and supply
Connection to a mains supply
Disconnection from the mains supply
Interconnection of equipments
Physical requirements
Mechanical strenghts
Design and constructions
Protection against hazardous moving parts
Thermal requirements
Openings in enclosures
Resistance to fire
Touch current
Electric strenght
Connection to telecommunication networks
LVD Laboratory Infrastructure
Isolated room which is made 7m x 4m x 3m dimensions is used for LVD safety tests.
SAR LaboratoryPurpose of SAR Measurements
What is SAR(Specific Absorption Rate)?SAR is formed from the initials of the words “Specific Absorption Rate”. It is expressed as the amount of electromagnetic power absorbed per unit mass of the body during the use of a mobile telephone. Its unit is W / kg . Determination of SAR by the electric field strenght method is used in commercial radiating devices.Purpose of SAR MeasurementsSAR values of mobile phones are checked by the ICTA SAR Laboratory measurements whether they are appropriate for the market or not according to the values of European Commission’s determined SAR limit of 2 W/kg. The SAR values of mobile phones below 2 W / kg are eligible to circulate in the market, while devices that exceed this value are considered to be inappropriate.SAR LimitsThere is 2 different SAR limits used in the World and 2 different guides for them.
Whole Body SAR
Local SAR
Average Time
Average Mass
ICNIRP
0,08 W/kg
2 W/kg
6 minutes
10 gram
FCC
0,08 W/kg
1,6 W/kg
30 minutes
1 gram
Head part is considered to be the local SAR and SAR limit is determined as 2 W/kg by ICNIRP for ( International Commission on Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection) and 1.6 W/kg by FCC (Federal Communications Commision).Turkey, European Union member countries and the majority of the countries of the world accept ICNIRP’s limit of 2 W/kg.United States and some countries such as Canada accepts the FCC limits . FCC set limits according to IEEE standard that was released in 1991. However, IEEE, in 2005 , recognized the limits that ICNIRP applied by deciding a mutual work in standard operations. As a result of this occcasion, some countries that implemented the FCC limits began to apply the ICNIRP limits , but countries like the US and Canada continue to use the old limit.Theoretical Termal ValueMathematically,J ( J / kg) = exposure time x SAR (W / kg ) ( seconds )From the formula above, absorbed energy amount in a unit mass that was exposed to threshold value of 2 W/kg for 30 minutes is:J (J/kg) = 2 x 30 x 60 = 3600 J/kg According to the formula showing the temperature increase, the energy is:t = Temperature increase ( ° C)J = Specific energy absorption ( J / kg)c = Relative Heat Capacity ( 0.85 ) tot = J/(c × 4180)t = 3600/(0,85 x 4180)t = ~1 °C temperature increase occurs (In the worst scenario, the reaction of body for self-cooling was neglected.) [1]Photon energy of RF electromagnetic waves is not sufficient to ionize atoms and molecules. Thermal effects can occur in live beings as a result of exposing non-ionizing electromagnetic waves of mobile phones: Thermal effects is defined as conversion of electromagnetic energy absorbed by body to heat and by the way, increasing the body temperature. This temperature increase continues until the balancing of body heat which thrown by the blood flow. In reality, the temperature increase in human body by RF sources like mobile phones is very low and probably they can be disabled easily with the body's normal mechanisms. The temperature rise may occur in the brain with an average mobile phone is around 0.1 ° C [2]SOURCES [1]-Saunders, R. D. et al., Biological effects of exposure to non-ionising electromagnetic fields and radiation: 3 Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation; Report NRPB-R240 December 1991; ISBN 0–85951–332–7, HMSO Books, London.[2]-TÜBİTAK-BİLTEN, 2001, Elektromanyetik Dalgalar ve İnsan Sağlığı-Sıkça Sorulan Sorular ve Yanıtları
SAR Measurements
SAR Measurements are applied to mobile phones working at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2000 MHz bands. Mobile phone is taken to speech mode by simulating with base station simulator.Mobile phones are adjusted to twin phantom by using left, right and flat parts and in cheek, 15˚ tilt and flat positions front and back in each part and subjected to measuremenets for each frequency and positions separately.During SAR measurements, electromagnetic field value radiated by mobile phone can be monitored via computer, by the way, scanning steps and the points where the values rised are determined. Mobile phone is adjusted to phantom as right-cheek, right-15˚tilt, left-cheek, left-15˚tilt, flat front and flat back positions separately and SAR values are calculated in each position. After all positions’ measurement, the position of the highest SAR value is determined and in this position, the upper and lower channels are measured.A mobile phone with one SIM card is measured in 6 positions for one band in headmeasurements and 4 measurements in flat body measurements. After these measurements, highest SAR value for one band is determined. Other bands are measured then. At the end of all bands measurements, SAR values are compared and the highest SAR value among them is the highest SAR value of sample mobile phone measured in ICTA SAR Laboratory.
SAR Laboratory Infrastructure
The test room 4m x 4m x 3m in size, temperature and humidity values are controlled. The room is completely isolated against external electromagnetic signals and is covered with frequency absorbents(absorbers) except ground. SAR measurements are performed using a computer-controlled robot which operates on six-axis and twin phantom.
3
Market Surveillance Laboratory Directorate
Information and Communication Technologies Authority Market Surveillance Laboratory Directorate Hacettepe University Technocity Area Beytepe/ANKARAPhone : (0312) 403 18 18
It is based on the fact that the devices produced can be placed on the market with the declaration that they are manufactured in accordance with the requirements of the common technical legislation of the union and that they are inspected after they are placed on the market.
What is SAR(Specific Absorption Rate)?SAR is formed from the initials of the words “Specific Absorption Rate”. It is expressed as the amount of electromagnetic power absorbed per unit mass of the body during the use of a mobile telephone. Its unit is W / kg . Determination of SAR by the electric field strenght method is used in commercial radiating devices.Purpose of SAR MeasurementsSAR values of mobile phones are checked by the ICTA SAR Laboratory measurements whether they are appropriate for the market or not according to the values of European Commission’s determined SAR limit of 2 W/kg. The SAR values of mobile phones below 2 W / kg are eligible to circulate in the market, while devices that exceed this value are considered to be inappropriate.SAR LimitsThere is 2 different SAR limits used in the World and 2 different guides for them.
SAR Measurements are applied to mobile phones working at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2000 MHz bands. Mobile phone is taken to speech mode by simulating with base station simulator.Mobile phones are adjusted to twin phantom by using left, right and flat parts and in cheek, 15˚ tilt and flat positions front and back in each part and subjected to measuremenets for each frequency and positions separately.During SAR measurements, electromagnetic field value radiated by mobile phone can be monitored via computer, by the way, scanning steps and the points where the values rised are determined. Mobile phone is adjusted to phantom as right-cheek, right-15˚tilt, left-cheek, left-15˚tilt, flat front and flat back positions separately and SAR values are calculated in each position. After all positions’ measurement, the position of the highest SAR value is determined and in this position, the upper and lower channels are measured.A mobile phone with one SIM card is measured in 6 positions for one band in headmeasurements and 4 measurements in flat body measurements. After these measurements, highest SAR value for one band is determined. Other bands are measured then. At the end of all bands measurements, SAR values are compared and the highest SAR value among them is the highest SAR value of sample mobile phone measured in ICTA SAR Laboratory.
SAR Laboratory Infrastructure
